4.Globalisation AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

 Class 10. Ch 4 Globalisation 

Q1.How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries? Give any three examples.

Answer

Foreign trade is the main channel which connects the markets of various countries. Foreign trade lead to integration of markets across the countries as follows :

• Creates opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets or the markets of their own countries.

• Import of goods from various countries provides choice of goods for consumer beyond the goods that are produced domestically.

• Producers of different countries compete with each other although they are thousands of miles away.

Q2.Where do MNCs Set-up their production units? Explain.

Answer

• MNCs Set-up production units at such a place where they can produce their goods at a minimum cost.

• The place where markets are closer.

• The place where skilled and unskilled labour is available at low cost.

• Other factors of production are assured. Government policies are favourable.

Q3.In recent years how our markets have been transformed? Explain with examples.

Answer

Transformation of our markets:

• There is relatively a wide choice of goods and services before us in the market. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufactures of the world are within our reach.

• Every season new model of automobile can be seen on Indian roads and the Indian are buying vehicles produced by the top companies of the world.

• A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices.

Q4.Enumerate any three features of Multinational Corporations.

Answer

• They Set-up their factories and offices in more than one country.

• They Set-up their units where the cost of production is low and higher profits can be earned.

• They set up their units where they can get cheap labour and other resources.

Q5.“A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian markets.” Support the statement with examples in context of Globalisation.

Answer

A wide ranging choice of goods:

• The latest models of the digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by world’s leading manufacturers of the world are available in the local market.

• New models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads.

• Consumer now get a wide range of variety of a product at cheaper prices.

Q6.Explain with three examples how top Indian companies have been benefited from Globalisation.

Answer

Several top Indian companies have been able to benefit from Globalisation:

• They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards.

• Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.

• Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational themselves. For example: Tata Motors and Infosys.

Q7.How has Globalisation created new opportunities for companies providing services in India? Explain.

Answer

• Globalisation has created new opportunities for companies providing services particularly those involving IT.

• The Indian company producing a magazine for the London based company and call centres are some examples.

• Besides, a host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks and engineering are now being done cheaply in India and are exported to the developed countries

Q8.What is Globalisation? Explain.

Answer

• Globalisation is a process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational Corporations (MNcs).

• More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries.

• Globalisation is the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by Multinational Companies (MNCs).

Q9.How can the benefits of globalisation be shared better? Explain.

Answer

The benefits of Globalisation can be shared better in the following ways:

• The government policy must protect the interest, not only of the rich and the powerful, but of all the people in the country.

• The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights.

• It can support small producers to improve their performance till they become strong enough to compete.

• It can use trade and investment barriers

Q10.“Foreign trade is an important component of globalization”. Explain any three points in this regard.

Answer

• Foreign trade implies exchange of goods and services across the countries.

• It helps to expand the size of market for producers.

• Producers and consumers can get commodities produced in any part of the world.

• It works to integrate markets in different countries.

Q11.Describe the impact of globalisation on small producers.

Answer

• The small producers were hit badly by globalisation as they have limited resources.

• They could not stand the competition and had to shut down. Some industries like batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oils are the industries which have suffered a lot.

• Due to this, a lot of people lost their jobs and faced unemployment.

Q12.How has information and communication technology stimulated globalisation process? Explain with examples.

Answer

Rapid improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process:

• Transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

• There are even more remarkable developments in information and communication technology.

• Telecommunication facilities are used to contact anyone around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.

Through internet, one can obtain and share information on almost anything. It also allows to send e-mail and talk across the world at negligible costs.

• For example a news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in the Delhi office get orders on how to design the magazine from the office in London using telecommunication facilities. The designing is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London. Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the Internet.

Q13.Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers as well as to producers.’’ Support the statement with suitable examples.

Answer

Globalisation has been advantageous to producers in the following ways:

• The producers now have access to the international markets.

• Globalisation has also enabled free movement of capital, i.e., via electronic transfers, etc.

• Globalisation has enabled access to foreign investment in capital and technology via Foreign Direct Investment, etc.

Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers in the following ways:

• Globalisation has also given rise to intense competition due to opening up of markets to foreign companies. As a result, this has led to the increase in product quality and decrease in the prices of the products.

• The consumers have benefited from the arrival of MNCs as they have now larger choice in the goods that are available to them in the market.

L1 WHAT IS DEMOCRACY WHY DEMOCRACY (9 )

 Chapter 1 - What is Democracy?Why Democracy?

Q1.How did General Pervez Musharraf become the President of Pakistan?

Answer:General Pervez Musharraf became the President of Pakistan by :

• In Pakistan, General Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999.

• He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the 'Chief Executive' of the country.

• Later he changed his designation to President, in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension.

Q2.Why was every election won by the party called PRI in Mexico? Explain any three reasons.

Answer:Every election was won by PRI because:

• Opposition did contest election but never managed to win.

• Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for PRI.

• Media did not support opposition.

• Polling booth were shifted in the last minute.

Q3.Differentiate between a democratic government and a non-democratic government.

Answer:Democratic government :

• In democratic government, there are regular elections through which people can change their government

• The citizens enjoy the freedom of speech.

• The opposition parties are allowed to function freely.

Non-democratic government:

• In non-democratic govt., elections are irregular and people do not have any right to change the government.

• There is no freedom of speech.

• The opposition parties are not allowed to function.

• There is a rule of one man or one party.

Q4.Why are elections in China not free and fair? Explain any three reasons.

Answer:Reasons are

• Elections are held after every five years for the Parliament called the National People’s Congress.

• It has the power to appoint the President. It has 3000 members but some are elected by the army.

• Only members of the Communist Party are allowed to contest elections.

• The government is always formed by Communist Party which makes it undemocratic.

Q5.Why Pakistan under General Musharraf cannot be called a democracy? State any five reasons.

Answer:Pakistan under General Musharaff cannot be called a democracy because:

• People in Pakistan have elected representatives to the National and Provincial Assemblies but those elected representatives are not the real leaders.

• The power to take final decisions rests with army officials and General Musharraf.

• They formally have an elected Parliament and A government. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by the National Security Council which is dominated by military officials.

• The real powers in Pakistan are with military officers and not with locally elected representatives.

• This cannot be called ‘people’s rule'. General Musharraf was responsible for coup.

Q6. ‘Some countries are not ready to give voting rights to their citizens’. Explain.

Answer:In Saudi Arabia, women do not have the right to vote.

Estonia had made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.

In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian Fijian.

Q7.How is the dignity of citizens enhanced in democracy?

Answer:Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens in the following ways:

Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognizing that the poorest and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated.

People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves.

Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct. All the citizens are equal before the law.

Q8.Why is democracy considered the best form of government?

Answer:Democracy is considered the best form of government because of the following reasons:

Democracy provides the method to deal with differences and conflict.

Democracy allows us to correct our own mistakes. It is a more accountable form of government.

Democracy improves the quality of decision making.

Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.

Q9.How does democracy improve the quality of decision making?

Answer:

Democracy improve the quality of decision making as it is based on consultation and discussion.

A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings.

When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision.

This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions.

Q10.Write any five arguments against democracy.

Answer:Five arguments against democracy are:

Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.

Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality.

So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays.

Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad decisions.

Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.

Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them; they should not decide anything.

Q11.Explain the representative democracy. Why is the representative democracy the most common form of government in modern times? Explain any four reasons.

Answer: The most common form of democracy in present time is that of a representative democracy. It is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected representatives representing a group of people as opposed to direct democracy.

(i) India and most of the countries follow the representative democracy. In a democracy, all the people do not rule.

(ii) In a democracy, a majority is allowed to take decisions on behalf of all the people. Even the majority does not rule directly. It rules through its elected representatives.

(iii) Representative democracy becomes necessary in the contemporary world. Because modern democracies involve such a large number of people that it is physically impossible for them to sit together and take a collective decision.

(iv) Even if they could, the citizens do not have the time, desire or skill to take part in all the decisions. 

Q12.State the main features of democracy.

Answer: The main features of democracy are:

(i) In a democracy, the final decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people.

(ii) A democracy must be based on free and fair elections, where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

(iii) In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

(iv) A democratic government rules within limits set by the constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

2.FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

      CHAPTER 2-FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

      TEXTUAL EXERCISE

What is biodiversity?Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

  Ans:(i)Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies.

It is important for human lives because:

1)Human beings depend on biodiversity for their very survival.

2)Without plants and animals we cannot survive,because we get oxygen from plant and it create the quality of air we breathe in.

How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

ANS (ii) The main factors responsible for this damage are:

1.Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation leading to expansion of agriculture, mining, industrialization and urbanization and consequent wiping out of large forest areas.

2.Hunting and poaching and illegal trade  of animal skin,tusk,bones,teeth, horns, etc have lead many speices to the verge of extinction.

3.Environmental pollution, deterioration of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents, chemicals, wastes, etc. leading to animal deaths.

4.Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation.

5Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.Grazing and fuel wood collection.

5.Over-exploitation of forest products

Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of forest resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.

Q3.Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?

Ans:In India many traditional communities still live in the forests and depend on their livelihood for forest produce. These communities are working hand in hand with the government to conserve forests.

1.In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers fought against mining activities.

2. In Alwar district of Rajasthan, local communities belonging to five villages have set their own rules and regulations in 1,200 hectares of forest land. They have named it as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Hunting is not allowed in these lands and outside encroachments are prohibited.

3.The famous Chipko movement was started in the Himalayan region to stop deforestation. People belonging to the local community took to afforestation in a big way. Indigenous species were cultivated and protected.

4.Involving local communities in protecting the environment, and stopping degradation of forests has reaped many benefits.

5.Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.

Q4. Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Ans:

1.In 1972, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented. It made protecting specific habitats a law. A list of wildlife species that had to be protected was published and hunting these animals was against the law.

2.National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries were set up in many states to protect endangered species.

3.Under the Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several insects have also been included in the list of protected species. Butterflies, moths, beetles, dragonflies and even certain plants are included in the protected list.

4.“Project Tiger” was initiated in 1973 by the government of India to protect tigers. It is one of the most well publicized wildlife campaigns in the

5.Worshiping of trees and animals.

6.Use of flora and fauna in religious functions.

7.Punishable penal codes on killing animals.

8.Community programs like Vanmahotsav etc. to bring awareness among the people about importance of wildlife.

9.Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees.

Extra Questions 

Q1.Write any three measures to conserve ecosystem?

Answer:Three measures to conserve ecosystem are:

• Forest should be reserved and more and trees should be planted across the region especially in those areas where deforestation takes place.

• Wildlife must be protected by enacting laws and creating awareness among people.

• Starting various projects to save endangered species of plants and wildlife.

Q2.Explain any three measures taken by the Indian government to protect wildlife.

Answer:Measures taken by the Indian government to protect wildlife are:

• The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972 with various provisions for protecting habitats.

• An All-India list of protected species was also published.

• To protect the remaining population of certain endangered species government has banned hunting, given legal protection of the habitats of those species and restricted trade in wild life.

Q3.Explain any three adverse effects of the destruction of forests and wildlife?

Answer:Three adverse effects of the destruction of forests and wildlife:

• Destruction of forests and wildlife leads to disturbances in ecological balance of the environment.

• It also affects the cultural loss of communities and their displacement.

• It also disturbs foodchain, ecosystem and development of the society.

Q4.Write a note on Joint Forest Management.

Answer

• In India, the Joint Forest Management programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of

degraded forests.

• The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for Joint Forest Management

• Joint Forest Management depends on the formation of local institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department

• In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by 'successful protection'.

Q5.Explain three reasons why we need to save the biodiversity of our planet?

Answer:We need to save the biodiversity of our planet because:

• Human beings alongwith all living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which they are only a part and are very much dependent on this system for their existence.

• The plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive.

• Forests play a key role in the ecological system as these are also the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

Q6.“Nature-worship is an old age belief”. Explain how has it helped in the conservation of forests and wildlife.

Answer: (i) Nature-worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts,of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.

(ii) The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings.

(iii) Peepal and banyan trees are also considered sacred and worshipped in most parts of India.

(iv) Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected.

(v) In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.

Q7.How many types of forests are classified in India? Explain.

Answer: (i) Reserved forests : These are forests which are permanently earmarked either to the production of timber or other forest produce and in which right of grazing and cultivation is seldom allowed.

(ii) Protected forests : These are forests in which the right of grazing and cultivation are allowed subject to a few minor restrictions.

(iii) Unclassed forests : These consist largely of inaccessible forests or unoccupied wastes.

Q8.“Forests play a key role in the ecological system.” Highlight the value of forests in our life. 

Answer: (i) Forests play a key role in the ecological system as these are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

(ii) Many forest dependent communities directly depend on them for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality etc.

(iii) Forest provide us timber.

(iv) Forests also provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, fruits, flowers, etc.

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE 10TH HISTORY

 Chapter 1 - Rise of Nationalism in Europe 

Write in brief:

Q1.Write a Note on:

a)Giuseppe Mazzini

• Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

• At the age of 24, he was exiled in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

• He founded underground societies named ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles and ‘Young Europe’ in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German States.

• He believed that God had planned nations to be natural units of mankind. Therefore, Italy should not remain a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be united into a single, unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification should become the basis of Italian liberty.

• His ideas inspired other nationalists and secret societies were also set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. 

b)Count Camilo de Cavour

• Count Camillo di Cavour was the Chief Minister of Italy. 

• He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

• Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French better than Italian. 

• Through a tactful and diplomatic alliance with France, which was engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

c)The Greek War of Independence

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.

• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans sharing sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

• Poets and artists admired Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against an Islamic empire.

• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople was signed in 1832 which recognised Greece as an independent nation. This war inspired nationalist feelings among the educated elites of Europe.

d)The Frankfurt Parliament

• In the German regions a large number of political associations of middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans met in the city of Frankfurt in the Church of St. Paul and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch, subject to a parliament.

• When the deputies offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

• The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.

• In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

e)The role of women in nationalist struggles

• The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. 

• Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. 

• Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly. 

• When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

Q2.What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Answer:The French revolutionaries took following important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people which were:

• The ideas of the fatherland (la Patrie) and the citizen (le citoyen) were introduced.

• A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the earlier royal standard.

• The Estates-General was renamed as National Assembly.

• New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.

• A centralised administrative system was established.

• French, as it was written and spoken in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Regional dialects were discouraged.

Q3.Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Answer:Marianne and Germania were female allegories invented by the artists in the 19th century to represent the nation.

Marianne was a popular Christian name. Her characteristics were drawn from notions of liberty and individualism-the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of national unity and motivate them. Marianne images were also marked on coins and stamps. 

Germania was the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, she wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

They were portrayed to remind the public of their national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with them.

Q4.Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Answer:

• In 1848, the middle class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament but they were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.

• After this, Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement. This was carried out by the Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck, and Prussian army and bureaucracy.

• His main objective was to unify Germany and this was done by three wars, which they fought over 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France.

• The win led to Bismarck becoming the chancellor of North Confederation in 1867.

• After the win, in the Royal Palace of Versailles, the King of Prussia was crowned as the German Emperor. It symbolised the birth of a united Germany.

Q5.What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Answer:Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him: 

 • Napoleon abolished all privileges based upon birth. He established equality before law and introduced the right to property.

• He simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. 

• He removed guild restrictions in the towns. 

• He improved the systems of transport and communication.

• Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Discuss

 Q1.Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Answer:The 1848 revolution of the liberals means the revolution led by the educated middle classes in France and other parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro- Hungarian Empire.

• Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification. They wanted creation of nation states based on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

• Socially, they wanted to abolish class-based partialities and birth rights from the society. Their goal was to abolish serfdom and pursue equality.

• Economically, they wanted right to property, which was important to build a nation based on political, social and economic freedom.

Q2.Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Answer:Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:

• Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.

• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. These are helpful in carrying the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate. For example, Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

• Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. For example, during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In this period, Russian language was imposed everywhere and Polish was even taken out of schools. After the 1831 rebel against the Russians, large number of the polish clergy started using language as a weapon of national resistance. This was done by using Polish language in Church gatherings and religious instructions and refused to preach Russian.

Q3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

Answer:The development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century:

• Unification of Germany with the help of Army: 

In 1848, an attempt was tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. 

This liberal initiative was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, who were supported by the large landowners of Prussia.

 Thereafter, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck took the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in the process. 

Prussia won three wars over seven year against Austria, Denmark and France and then the process of unification was accomplished. 

In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed as the German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

• Unification of Italy: 

During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. \

In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini sought to formulate a coherent programme for a unitary Italian republic. He had established a secret society called Young Italy for the attainment of his goals. 

The revolutionary uprisings in 1831 and 1848 had failed which meant that responsibility of uniting Italian states now fell on King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont. 

The Chief Minister of Italy, Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was able to conclude a diplomatic alliance with France. Also, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. 

Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers, under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, also joined the movement. In 1860, these troops marched into south Italy and the kingdom of Two Sicilies. These areas were liberated and later conjoined with Sardinia. 

In 1870, Rome was vacated by France and it became a part of Sardinia. Hence, Italy was finally unified in 1871.

Q4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Answer

• Britain as a nation did not exist before the eighteenth century. People living in the British Isles belonged to different ethnicities such as English, Scot, Welsh or Irish. The formation of British nation was not the result of a sudden revolution but it was a gradual process over time.

• The English Parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688. The Parliament played an instrumental role in forming the new nation-state with England as its centre.

• The Act of Union was signed between England and Scotland in 1701 and the United Kingdom of Great Britain' was formed.

• The British Parliament came to be dominated by the English members. Due to growth of British identity, Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. 

• The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

• Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. 

• After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

• The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in British union.

Q5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Answer

• Ethnic Variation: The Balkans was a region of ethnic and geographical variations that consisted of modern-day Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia, Serbia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The inhabitants of this region are commonly known as the Slavs. 

• Disintegration of Ottoman Empire: A large part of the Balkans was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very unstable.

• Difference in Identity: The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Therefore, the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.

• Jealousy: The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. 

• European Powers: During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military power. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Extra Questions 

Q What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during nineteenth century?

Ans In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state–imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Q.What was Zollverein?

Answer: In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states.

Q.What were the ideas of Romantic artists and poets on nationalism?

Answer: Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science. Instead it focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.

Q.Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. [CBSE (AI) 2017]

Answer: Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s:

(i) Enormous increase in population was seen all over Europe. In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iii) In Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(iv) The rise of food prices as a result of bad harvest led to wide spread pauperism in town and country.

The Story of Village Palampur . Economics

Exercise .

CH-1 THE STORY OF VILLAGE PALAMPUR

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS.

Q2. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?

Answer:

Modern farming methods involve the use of high-yielding variety seeds. 

These seeds require a combination of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, agricultural implements like tractors, and proper irrigation facilities like electric tube wells to produce the best results. 

All these elements are manufactured in industries. 

Hence, it would be right to say that modern farming methods make use of a greater number of industrial outputs as compared to traditional farming methods.

Q3. How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

Answer:The spread of electricity has helped the farmers of Palampur village in the following ways:

• Most of the houses have electric connections.

• Electricity is used to run tubewells in the fields.

• Electricity is used in various types of small business.

Q4. Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why

Answer:

India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-thirds of the people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.

 But of the total cultivated area in the country, a little less than 40 per cent is irrigated even today.

 In the remaining areas, farming is largely dependent on rainfall which is irregular and uncertain.

Modern farming methods cannot be used in the absence of assured adequate water supplies.

India cannot achieve the goal of self-sufficiency in food grains unless the area under irrigation is increased.

Q5. Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.

Ans.               0 

     Less than 2 Hect

     More than 2Hect 

Q6. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?

Answer:Farm workers at Palampur village get lower wages than the minimum wages fixed by the government. The minimum wages for a farm labourer is fixed at Rs 300 per day. But farm labourers get only Rs 160. This happens because of heavy competition for work among the farm labourers at Palampur village.

Q8. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.

Answer: The different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land are:

• Multiple Cropping : It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. Under it, more than one crop is grown on the same piece of land during the year. Indian farmers should grow at least two main crops in a year. In India, some farmers are growing a third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.

• Modern Farming Methods : Production on the same piece of land can also be increased by adopting modern farming methods. The Green Revolution in India is a remarkable example of it. Under modern farming, more cultivable areas should be brought under HYV seeds and irrigation. The use of simple wooden plough must be replaced by tractors. The increasing use of farm machinery like tractors, threshers, harvesters, etc. make cultivation faster.

Q9. Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land.

Answer:A farmer with 1 hectare of land shall put under the category of small farmer. Most of the work would be done by the farmer and his family members. The farmer will normally use a pair of bullocks to plough the field. His family members would assist him in sowing the seeds. During harvest time, he may require to hire some labourers.

Q10. How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?

Answer:Medium and large farmers usually have surplus cash by selling their farm produce. Since they have land and house, they easily get loan from banks. 

Small farmers, on the other hand, may not be able to get bank loans. They have to depend on the local merchant and moneylender for loan.

Q11. On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savita’ s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?

Answer:Savita required money for buying seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, and water for irrigation. She also needed money for repairing her farm instruments. So, she decided to borrow money from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer in her village. 

Tejpal Singh agreed to give the loan of Rs. 3000 at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months. He also got her to agree to work on his field during the harvest season for Rs. 35 a day.

Savita’s condition would have been better if she could get a loan from the bank. The bank would have provided her the loan at a low rate of interest. Moreover, Savita could have devoted more time on her own field instead of working for Tejpal Singh as farm labourer.

Q14. What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages?

Answer:Three things that need to be done to encourage non-farm production activities in villages:

• The government should set up schemes whereby landless labourers and small farmers are able to get cheap loans to start small individual/community businesses.

• In addition to financial assistance, the government should set up rural workshops to enable the villagers to build on their skill levels.

• The government should also work towards improving the infrastructure of villages so that the rural parts of the country are well connected to the urban areas.

Extra Questions 

Q1.How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming?

Answer:The medium and large farmers have surplus production even after keeping a substantial part for their own family needs. They sell it in the market and have good earnings and save it in their bank accounts. They utilize their savings:

• By lending to small farmers who are in need of a loan.

• As working capital for farming in the next season.

• As fixed capital for buying tractors, etc.

Q2.How do small farmers obtain capital for farming? What are its consequence?

Answer;Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the money-lenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. Consequence: The rate of interest on such loans is very high. The small farmers are put to great distress to repay the loan.

Q3.What are non-farming activities? Explain any two non-farming activities taken up by the people of Palampur village.

Answer;People working in activities other than agriculture are called non–farming activities. 

Two non-farming activities taken up by the people of Palampur village:

• Running grocery shops.

• Practicing various occupations such as barber, cobbler, blacksmith, coaching institutes, etc.

Q4.Explain the meaning of ‘Physical Capital’. Explain its two types with the help of suitable example.

Answer:Physical capital is the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. Physical capital is divided into two types:

• Fixed Capital: Tools, machines and building, etc., are called fixed capitals. Tools and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer’s plough to sophisticated machines such as generators, computers, etc. They are called fixed as they can be used for many years.

• Working Capital: Production requires a variety of raw materials such as the yarn used by the weaver and the clay used by the potter. Also, some money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items. In this way, raw materials and money in hand are called working capital.

Q5.Explain any two merits and three demerits of the Green Revolution.

Answer:Merits:

• Helps in the progress of agriculture.

• Helps in the growth and yield of crops.

• HYV seeds are considered as miracle seeds due to the high produce when irrigated properly.

Demerits:

• Use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals during its production affect the crops and the consumer.

• These seeds need more irrigation and fertilizers than the traditional seeds.

• Excessive use of pesticides and chemicals while growing HYV seeds causes land degradation.

Q6.Briefly explain the four factors of production.

Answer;Every production is organized by combining land, labour, physical capital and human capital which are known as factors of production.

These factors are explained below:

Land: If is the first requirement for production of goods and services. The land required for farm activities is practically fixed.

Labour: The second requirement is labour i.e. people who will do the work. Some activities require highly educated workers like banking and some require workers, for manual work, for example, carpenter.

Physical capital: Physical capital es the variety of inputs required at every stage dur¬ing production. For example: tools, building, raw materials etc. Physical capital is of two types: fixed capital and working capital.

Human capital: The knowledge and enterprise required to put together land, labour and physical capital for producing an output either for self-consumption or to sell in the market is called, as human cap.

Q7.Why didn’t someone start a computer centre earlier? Discuss the possible reasons.

Answer: Reasons why someone didn’t start a computer centre may be any of the following:

(i) As very few educated people were there in the village, there was not any demand for computer courses.                                  

(ii) The villagers were not aware of the employment potential of computer courses and so nobody thought that such a business could be successful.

(iii) Teaching faculty for computer courses was not available in the village earlier.

Q8.The farm laborers in Palampur usually earn less than the minimum wage. Why?

Answer: 

The use of modem agricultural implements like tractors, threshers and harvesters by the large and medium farmers has reduced the amount of agricultural labour required. 

So, there is competition for work among the agricultural labourers in the village. 

Knowing that the supply is much more than the demand, the labourers themselves agree to work for wages that are lower than minimum wages. 

The farmers exploit this condition of excess labour supply and force laborers to work for low wages. 

Eco ch 1 DEVELOPMENT

 Textbook Questions 

4.Q.What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Answer: World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of the per capita income or the average income of a person in the country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.

The limitations of the criterion are:

1.It does not give any information about the distribution of the average income among the people in a country.

2. It ignores important factors like literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare, etc. which play a crucial role in the development of a country

3. This system hides disparities among people.

Q5 In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans.

1. The criterion used by World Bank: The average income, i.e. per capita income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.

2.According to the World Development Report 2019 , published by the World Bank, countries with per capita income of $ 49300 per annum and above  called rich or developed countries. On the other hand, countries with per capita income of $2500 or less are called low-income countries.

3.The UNDP compares countries based on HDI  ie., on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capital income or average income.

4.Human Development Index used by UNDP is better because it is a wider indicator in which besides per capital income, health and education are also included

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer: We use averages as they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. This does not show the distribution of things between people. There are limitations of calculating averages because this does not give any information about the distribution of a thing between people. For example, the per capita income does not show the distribution of income. It does not show the percentage of the poor in the population.

Q7.Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ans. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true because 

1. The literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc. are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana.

2. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.

8 Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Ans. 

1 The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. 

2 The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in the loss of these resources for future generations.

9.  Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans. Sustainable development maybe defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Features:

i) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future generations.

ii) Resources are need to be used wisely so that they can be replenished. For example, if trees are cut they should also be re-planted and allowed to grow.

iii) Overuse of resources which exhaust them. For example, petroleum. If it is used indiscriminately, it will soon get finished and future generations will have nothing left in their hands.

iv) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental degradation and become a global problem.

v) People must be protected against pollution, thereby ensuring their quality of life and health.

10. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the disseusion of development? Discuss.

Ans. Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country, but is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement: "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person" is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable resources. It is the responsibility of the people to use them only to meet their needs and not to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, the future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in the downfall of development of a country.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Ans. A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are:

1) Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles.

ii) Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies

iii) Deforestation

iv) Mining

v) Soil Erosion

The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming and depletion of glaciers and the atmospheric conditions.

12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Ans. i) As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all the four categories. It has the highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world.

ii) Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income among the given countries.

iii) Pakistan has the least Life Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given countries.

iv) Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is the lowest for Myanmar and Nepal.

Class 10 RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT

 TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS 

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Ans(i) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are states having black soil.

Cotton is mainly grown in black soil.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

(ii) Alluvial Soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.

Three features of alluvial soil:

● Alluvial soils are very fertile.

● They are ideal for growing sugarcane, wheat and paddy.

● The regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

(iii) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by ploughing across contour-lines, making use of terrace farming techniques and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water.

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

(iv) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. For example, animals and plants including human beings.

Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources. For example, water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

Ans:Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.78% is covered by forests, and 3.38% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.

The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas. Industrialisation and urbanisation also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Ans: Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as:

● Technological development provides sophisticated equipments. As a result, production increases ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.

● Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results into more consumption of resources.

● Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results into the consumption of new available resources too.

Extra Questions 

Q1. what is sustainable economic development. 

Ans .Sustainable economic development means

‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with theneeds of the future generations.’

Q2. Define resources. How are resources classified?

Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable, can be termed as resource.

The resources can be classified into various categories:

1. On the basis of origin - biotic and abiotic

 2. On the basis of exhaustibility - renewable and non-renewable 

3. On the basis of ownership - individual, community, national and international

4.  On the basis of status of development - potential, developed stock and reserves.

Q3. Provide a suitable classification for resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of such resources.

Ans Classification of resources on the basis of ownership:

• Individual Resources: Resources which are owned privately by individuals such as plots, houses, plantation, pasture lands, ponds etc.

• Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community such as grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds etc.

• National Resources: All the resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.

• International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

Q4.write  Short note on Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992.

First International Earth Summit: It was first International Earth Summit, which was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janerio in Brazil. More than 100 heads of states participated in it.

Object: The Summit was convened for addressing the problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.

Achievements:

The participants signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Changes and Biological Diversity.

It endorsed the Global forest Principles.

It adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21 st century.

Agenda 21: Its aim is to achieve global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Q5.Major problem faced due to the indiscriminate use of resources by Man- Discuss.

Ans 

Human beings used the resources indiscriminately and this has led to the following problems.

1) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two, segments i.e. haves and have-nots or rich and poor.

3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises.

Q6.Write about resource planning. What were Gandhiji’s views on resource conservation?

Solution:

Resource planning is a complex process, which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in the following words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.

Q7. Why is resource planning essential? Explain three reasons.

Ans . Resource Planning is essential mainly because of the following reasons:

1. Resources are not equally distributed throughout the world. Within a country also some regions may be rich in resources and self-sufficient in terms of availability of resources while some other regions may have an acute shortage of some vital resources. 

2. Some regions in the country that are rich in natural resources may be included among the economically backward regions. On the contrary, there are some regions that have a poor resource base but are economically developed. 

3. Technology, quality of human resources, and the historical experiences of the people influence resource development. In a country like India which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources, resource planning is indispensable.

Q8. India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.’ Explain.

Or

“India is rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Support your answer with examples. [CBSE Sept. 2012, 2014] 

Answer: (i) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in mineral resources but lack industrialisation.

(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert area of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of means of transportation and communication.

(iii) Most of North-Eastern states are rich in natural vegetation but lacks in fertile soil.

Q9.Describe any 5 types of soil available in India.

Ans Five  important soils of India are:

(a) Alluvial Soils

• It is the most important and widespread soil of India. The entire northern plain is made of this soil.  
  Alluvial soil
• Alluvials have been deposited by three important Himalayan rivers— Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus.
• These soils consist of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
• These are of two types: Khadar and Bangar.
• They contain potash, phosphoric acid, and limestone.

(b) Black Soil: 

• These soils are black in colour and are also known as Regur or cotton soils. 
• This type of soil is found in the Deccan plateau region and is made up of lava flows. 
• They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. 
• They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.

(c) Laterite Soil: 

• Laterite soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching. The Humus content of the soil is very low. 
• These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

D.Red and Yellow Soils:

• Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. 

• Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. 

▪︎ Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

E) Arid soil 

•Its  range from red to brown in colour.

•It is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

▪︎In some areas, the salt content is higher and common salt is obtained by evaporation of water.

•Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

Q10. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

Ans 

1This is contour ploughing.Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. 

2.  Terrace cultivation restricts erosion Steps can be cut out on the slopes mapping terraces. .

3.Strip cropping . It is a very effective method of soil conservation or controlling soil erosion. Large fields are divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.

Important points 

●Resource planning: Resource planning is proper and judicious planning of resources.

●Fallow land . Agriculture land that is left uncultivated for one or more season to allow the soil to recover its fertility .

●Net sown area . physical extent of land on which crops are sown harvested is known as net sown area.

Gross cropped area.Area sown more than once in an

agricultural year plus net sown area

●Land under different relief features  :plain 43% mountain 30% plateau 27%

●Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.

●As per National forest policy India must have 33% Forest area 

●Net sown are of India is about 54% 

●Gullies :The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies

●bad land.The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.

●Sheet erosion : Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet

erosion.

●Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

●Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India

●Club of Romea  dvocated resource conservation for the first

• in 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book Small is Beautiful time in a more systematic way in 1968.

•the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 talked about resource conservation This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book

entitled Our Common Future. 

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10th POWER SHARING

                                                      POWER SHARING

Q1.Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium. 

Ans: The ethnic  composition of Belgium is very complex.It is stated in the following points:

1. It has two main languages i.e.Dutch and French. Of the country’s total population,59% lives in Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

2. 40% people of Belgium lives in the Wallonia region and speaks French .Remaining 1% speaks German.

3. In the capital city Brussels ,80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.

4. The minority French speaking people are more rich and powerful than the Dutch speaking people.

Q2. What is the ethnic composition  of Sri Lanka?

Ans: The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka can be described in the following ways:

1. The major groups in Sri Lanka are the Sinhala speakers (74%) and Tamil speakers (18%).

2. Among Tamil there are two sub groups ,Sri Lankan Tamils (13%) who are the Tamil natives of Sri Lanka and Indian Tamils (5%) whose forefather came from India as plantation workers during colonial period.

3. Most of the Sinhala speakers are Buddhists.Most of the Tamils are either Hindus or Muslims.

4. Christians are about 7% who are both Tamils and Sinhalas.

Q3. What were the majoritian measures taken in Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy?

Ans: Majoritian measures taken in Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy were:

1. In 1956 ,an Act was passed which recognised Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil language.

2. Preferences were given to Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3.The State shall promote Buddhism according to the new constitution.

Q4. Highlight the measures adopted by the Belgium government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities.

Ans: The measures adopted by the Belgium government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities are as follows:

1. The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

2. Many powers of the central government have been given to state government of the two regions of the country. 

3. Brussels has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation.

4. Apart from the central and the state government ,there is a third kind of government.This 'community government' is elected by people belonging to one language community that is Dutch ,French and German speaking no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural ,educational and language related issues.

Q5. How did Tamil make efforts to gain power in Sri Lanka? 

Ans:i) Sri Lankan Tamil launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as the official language.

ii) They also made efforts for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. 

iii) Several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (State) in northern and eastern part of Sri Lanka.

Q6. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracy ?Give an example of each of these.

Ans: Power shared among different organs of the government:

• In it the power is shared among legislature, executive and judiciary. 

• It is also called horizontal distribution of power because all these organs are placed at the same level. 

• Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.

• Each organ checks the others which results in the balance of power among various institutions.

• This system is also known as the system of check and balances.

Power shared among different levels of the government:

• There is a government for the entire country, such a government is called federal government. 

• Under this constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government.

• It is also called vertical division of power as power is divided among higher and lower levels of government. 

• In India ,we refer  to it as the Central or Union government.The Government at the provincial or regional level is called state government in India.

• In India, government is divided at the Central level, state level and local level.

Power shared among different social groups: 

• This type of arrangement is made to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. 

• This method is used to give minority community a fair share in power.

• In India, we have the system of reserved constituencies in the Assemblies and the Parliament of the country. 

• Community government in Belgium is a good example. 

Power share among political parties, pressure groups and movements.

• In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.

• Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

• In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power.

• In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process either through participation or influencing decision making process.

Q7. What is so special about the 'community government' in Belgium?

Ans:

• Community government is elected by the people belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German ,no matter where they live. 

• This government has the power relating to culture ,language and educational issues.

• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities

Q8. Explain why power sharing is important in a democracy. 

Ans: The two main reasons are:

1.Prudential Reasons:

• These emphasis on better outcomes of power sharing. 

• Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict among the social groups. This, it ensures the stability of the political order.

• Imposing the will of  majority community over others undermines the unity of the nation. 

• Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruins to the majority as well.

• For example, the reservation of constituencies for SC/ST/ minorities in India. In this way ,power sharing tries to reduce the possibility of conflict.

Moral Reasons:

• They stress on power sharing as a valuable act. 

• Power sharing  is the very spirit of democracy. 

• Democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. 

• The democratic government is the one where the  citizens acquire a role in the system through participation. 

• For example,decentralization of powers in India through formation of local ,state and Central Government operating a different levels.

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Q9.Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different systems of power sharing. ” Support the statement by giving three points of difference.

Ans: (i) Type of Government: Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical purpose, a unitary system where the national government has all the powers. Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system under which the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the central ‘government. Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.

(ii) Religion and Government : To accommodate people belonging to different ethnic groups, Belgium formed a ‘community government’ whereas Sri Lankan government passed a law to protect and promote Buddhism.

(iii) Language and government : In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an Act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language whereas Belgium government “tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

Q10. What is a Civil War? Explain with context to Sri Lanka.

Ans: (i) It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the Sinhalese and the Tamils.

(ii) Due to the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups, thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.

(iii) The civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.