Textbook Questions
1. What is colonialism? Give three different definitions.
Ans:
Ans: Colonialism is when a powerful country takes control of another territory and uses its land,
people and resources for its own benefit. It affects the ruled country's political power, economy
and culture.
Three definitions of colonialism are:
1. Historical Definition: Colonialism is the domination of one territory by another foreign
power that extracts wealth and resources for its own benefit.
2. Political Definition: Colonialism is the political control of one country by another, which
removes or limits local sovereignty and self-rule.
3. Economic and Social Definition: Colonialism is a system where a more powerful
nation exploits the economy and people of a weaker territory and imposes its language,
education and cultural norms.
2. Was the British mission to ‘civilise’ India true?
Ans.
No, the claim was not completely true.
1)The British aimed mainly to strengthen their rule and gain economic benefits.
2)They exploited Indian resources and imposed heavy taxes.
They controlled trade and damaged traditional industries.
3)They introduced railways, telegraphs and modern education.
4)However, these developments often served British administrative and economic
interests.
3. How was the British approach different from the Portuguese and French?
Ans:
1)The British approach was more systematic and long-term.
2)The Portuguese focused mainly on religious conversion.
The French focused more on cultural assimilation.
3)The British used economic exploitation and political manipulation.
4)They followed policies like Divide and Rule.
5)They established centralised administration and expanded territorial control.
6) India was made a source of raw materials and a market for British goods.
4. “Indians funded their own subjugation.” What does this mean?
Ans:This means that Indian money and taxes were used to build infrastructure such as railways and telegraph networks, which helped the British control India. These facilities also supported the movement of British troops, raw materials and goods. Therefore, Indians often paid for projects that ultimately strengthened British rule over them.
5. What does ‘divide and rule’ mean? Give examples.
Ans:Divide and rule was a policy of creating or encouraging divisions among people so that they could be controlled more easily.
Examples:
1.The British sometimes encouraged religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims.
2.They classified and separated communities through administrative policies.
3.They made use of differences between princely states and other territories.
Separate electorates introduced in the early 20th century contributed to political divisions.
Q6:How did colonial rule affect agriculture?
Ans: 1)Farmers paid high land revenues.
2)They were encouraged to grow cash crops like indigo and opium.
Food-crop production was affected.
3)Many farmers fell into debt.Dependence on moneylenders increased.
4) It contributed to poverty and famines.
Q7What is meant by “the sun never sets on the British Empire”? Do you think this was a correct statement?
Ans:“The sun never sets on the British Empire” means the empire was so vast, with colonies across the world, that the sun was always shining on at least one of its lands. Yes, I think this was a true statement for that time, because Britain ruled over many countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Q8. What exactly did Macaulay mean when he wrote that “a single shelf of a good
European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia”?
Ans:Macaulay meant that European books and knowledge were, in his opinion, far more
valuable and advanced than the traditional literature of India and Arabia. He strongly favoured Western education and believed British education should focus on English language, European science, philosophy, and literature.
