Eco ch 1 DEVELOPMENT

 Textbook Questions 

4.Q.What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Answer: World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of the per capita income or the average income of a person in the country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.

The limitations of the criterion are:

1.It does not give any information about the distribution of the average income among the people in a country.

2. It ignores important factors like literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare, etc. which play a crucial role in the development of a country

3. This system hides disparities among people.

Q5 In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans.

1. The criterion used by World Bank: The average income, i.e. per capita income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.

2.According to the World Development Report 2019 , published by the World Bank, countries with per capita income of $ 49300 per annum and above  called rich or developed countries. On the other hand, countries with per capita income of $2500 or less are called low-income countries.

3.The UNDP compares countries based on HDI  ie., on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capital income or average income.

4.Human Development Index used by UNDP is better because it is a wider indicator in which besides per capital income, health and education are also included

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer: We use averages as they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. This does not show the distribution of things between people. There are limitations of calculating averages because this does not give any information about the distribution of a thing between people. For example, the per capita income does not show the distribution of income. It does not show the percentage of the poor in the population.

Q7.Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ans. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true because 

1. The literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc. are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana.

2. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.

8 Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Ans. 

1 The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. 

2 The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in the loss of these resources for future generations.

9.  Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans. Sustainable development maybe defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Features:

i) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future generations.

ii) Resources are need to be used wisely so that they can be replenished. For example, if trees are cut they should also be re-planted and allowed to grow.

iii) Overuse of resources which exhaust them. For example, petroleum. If it is used indiscriminately, it will soon get finished and future generations will have nothing left in their hands.

iv) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental degradation and become a global problem.

v) People must be protected against pollution, thereby ensuring their quality of life and health.

10. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the disseusion of development? Discuss.

Ans. Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country, but is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement: "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person" is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable resources. It is the responsibility of the people to use them only to meet their needs and not to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, the future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in the downfall of development of a country.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Ans. A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are:

1) Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles.

ii) Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies

iii) Deforestation

iv) Mining

v) Soil Erosion

The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming and depletion of glaciers and the atmospheric conditions.

12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Ans. i) As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all the four categories. It has the highest Gross National Income, Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world.

ii) Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income among the given countries.

iii) Pakistan has the least Life Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given countries.

iv) Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above is the lowest for Myanmar and Nepal.

Class 10 RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT

 TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS 

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Ans(i) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are states having black soil.

Cotton is mainly grown in black soil.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

(ii) Alluvial Soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.

Three features of alluvial soil:

● Alluvial soils are very fertile.

● They are ideal for growing sugarcane, wheat and paddy.

● The regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

(iii) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by ploughing across contour-lines, making use of terrace farming techniques and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water.

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

(iv) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. For example, animals and plants including human beings.

Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources. For example, water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

Ans:Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.78% is covered by forests, and 3.38% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.

The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas. Industrialisation and urbanisation also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Ans: Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as:

● Technological development provides sophisticated equipments. As a result, production increases ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.

● Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results into more consumption of resources.

● Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results into the consumption of new available resources too.

Extra Questions 

Q1. what is sustainable economic development. 

Ans .Sustainable economic development means

‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with theneeds of the future generations.’

Q2. Define resources. How are resources classified?

Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable, can be termed as resource.

The resources can be classified into various categories:

1. On the basis of origin - biotic and abiotic

 2. On the basis of exhaustibility - renewable and non-renewable 

3. On the basis of ownership - individual, community, national and international

4.  On the basis of status of development - potential, developed stock and reserves.

Q3. Provide a suitable classification for resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of such resources.

Ans Classification of resources on the basis of ownership:

• Individual Resources: Resources which are owned privately by individuals such as plots, houses, plantation, pasture lands, ponds etc.

• Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community such as grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds etc.

• National Resources: All the resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.

• International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

Q4.write  Short note on Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992.

First International Earth Summit: It was first International Earth Summit, which was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janerio in Brazil. More than 100 heads of states participated in it.

Object: The Summit was convened for addressing the problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.

Achievements:

The participants signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Changes and Biological Diversity.

It endorsed the Global forest Principles.

It adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21 st century.

Agenda 21: Its aim is to achieve global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Q5.Major problem faced due to the indiscriminate use of resources by Man- Discuss.

Ans 

Human beings used the resources indiscriminately and this has led to the following problems.

1) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two, segments i.e. haves and have-nots or rich and poor.

3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises.

Q6.Write about resource planning. What were Gandhiji’s views on resource conservation?

Solution:

Resource planning is a complex process, which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in the following words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.

Q7. Why is resource planning essential? Explain three reasons.

Ans . Resource Planning is essential mainly because of the following reasons:

1. Resources are not equally distributed throughout the world. Within a country also some regions may be rich in resources and self-sufficient in terms of availability of resources while some other regions may have an acute shortage of some vital resources. 

2. Some regions in the country that are rich in natural resources may be included among the economically backward regions. On the contrary, there are some regions that have a poor resource base but are economically developed. 

3. Technology, quality of human resources, and the historical experiences of the people influence resource development. In a country like India which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources, resource planning is indispensable.

Q8. India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.’ Explain.

Or

“India is rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Support your answer with examples. [CBSE Sept. 2012, 2014] 

Answer: (i) The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in mineral resources but lack industrialisation.

(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert area of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of means of transportation and communication.

(iii) Most of North-Eastern states are rich in natural vegetation but lacks in fertile soil.

Q9.Describe any 5 types of soil available in India.

Ans Five  important soils of India are:

(a) Alluvial Soils

• It is the most important and widespread soil of India. The entire northern plain is made of this soil.  
  Alluvial soil
• Alluvials have been deposited by three important Himalayan rivers— Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus.
• These soils consist of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
• These are of two types: Khadar and Bangar.
• They contain potash, phosphoric acid, and limestone.

(b) Black Soil: 

• These soils are black in colour and are also known as Regur or cotton soils. 
• This type of soil is found in the Deccan plateau region and is made up of lava flows. 
• They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. 
• They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.

(c) Laterite Soil: 

• Laterite soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. This is the result of intense leaching. The Humus content of the soil is very low. 
• These are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.

D.Red and Yellow Soils:

• Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. 

• Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. 

▪︎ Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

E) Arid soil 

•Its  range from red to brown in colour.

•It is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

▪︎In some areas, the salt content is higher and common salt is obtained by evaporation of water.

•Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

Q10. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

Ans 

1This is contour ploughing.Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. 

2.  Terrace cultivation restricts erosion Steps can be cut out on the slopes mapping terraces. .

3.Strip cropping . It is a very effective method of soil conservation or controlling soil erosion. Large fields are divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.

Important points 

●Resource planning: Resource planning is proper and judicious planning of resources.

●Fallow land . Agriculture land that is left uncultivated for one or more season to allow the soil to recover its fertility .

●Net sown area . physical extent of land on which crops are sown harvested is known as net sown area.

Gross cropped area.Area sown more than once in an

agricultural year plus net sown area

●Land under different relief features  :plain 43% mountain 30% plateau 27%

●Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.

●As per National forest policy India must have 33% Forest area 

●Net sown are of India is about 54% 

●Gullies :The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies

●bad land.The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.

●Sheet erosion : Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet

erosion.

●Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

●Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India

●Club of Romea  dvocated resource conservation for the first

• in 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book Small is Beautiful time in a more systematic way in 1968.

•the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 talked about resource conservation This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book

entitled Our Common Future. 

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10th POWER SHARING

                                                      POWER SHARING

Q1.Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium. 

Ans: The ethnic  composition of Belgium is very complex.It is stated in the following points:

1. It has two main languages i.e.Dutch and French. Of the country’s total population,59% lives in Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

2. 40% people of Belgium lives in the Wallonia region and speaks French .Remaining 1% speaks German.

3. In the capital city Brussels ,80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.

4. The minority French speaking people are more rich and powerful than the Dutch speaking people.

Q2. What is the ethnic composition  of Sri Lanka?

Ans: The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka can be described in the following ways:

1. The major groups in Sri Lanka are the Sinhala speakers (74%) and Tamil speakers (18%).

2. Among Tamil there are two sub groups ,Sri Lankan Tamils (13%) who are the Tamil natives of Sri Lanka and Indian Tamils (5%) whose forefather came from India as plantation workers during colonial period.

3. Most of the Sinhala speakers are Buddhists.Most of the Tamils are either Hindus or Muslims.

4. Christians are about 7% who are both Tamils and Sinhalas.

Q3. What were the majoritian measures taken in Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy?

Ans: Majoritian measures taken in Sri Lanka to establish Sinhala supremacy were:

1. In 1956 ,an Act was passed which recognised Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil language.

2. Preferences were given to Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3.The State shall promote Buddhism according to the new constitution.

Q4. Highlight the measures adopted by the Belgium government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities.

Ans: The measures adopted by the Belgium government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities are as follows:

1. The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

2. Many powers of the central government have been given to state government of the two regions of the country. 

3. Brussels has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation.

4. Apart from the central and the state government ,there is a third kind of government.This 'community government' is elected by people belonging to one language community that is Dutch ,French and German speaking no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural ,educational and language related issues.

Q5. How did Tamil make efforts to gain power in Sri Lanka? 

Ans:i) Sri Lankan Tamil launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as the official language.

ii) They also made efforts for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. 

iii) Several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (State) in northern and eastern part of Sri Lanka.

Q6. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracy ?Give an example of each of these.

Ans: Power shared among different organs of the government:

• In it the power is shared among legislature, executive and judiciary. 

• It is also called horizontal distribution of power because all these organs are placed at the same level. 

• Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.

• Each organ checks the others which results in the balance of power among various institutions.

• This system is also known as the system of check and balances.

Power shared among different levels of the government:

• There is a government for the entire country, such a government is called federal government. 

• Under this constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government.

• It is also called vertical division of power as power is divided among higher and lower levels of government. 

• In India ,we refer  to it as the Central or Union government.The Government at the provincial or regional level is called state government in India.

• In India, government is divided at the Central level, state level and local level.

Power shared among different social groups: 

• This type of arrangement is made to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. 

• This method is used to give minority community a fair share in power.

• In India, we have the system of reserved constituencies in the Assemblies and the Parliament of the country. 

• Community government in Belgium is a good example. 

Power share among political parties, pressure groups and movements.

• In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.

• Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

• In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power.

• In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process either through participation or influencing decision making process.

Q7. What is so special about the 'community government' in Belgium?

Ans:

• Community government is elected by the people belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German ,no matter where they live. 

• This government has the power relating to culture ,language and educational issues.

• This kind of government helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities

Q8. Explain why power sharing is important in a democracy. 

Ans: The two main reasons are:

1.Prudential Reasons:

• These emphasis on better outcomes of power sharing. 

• Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict among the social groups. This, it ensures the stability of the political order.

• Imposing the will of  majority community over others undermines the unity of the nation. 

• Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruins to the majority as well.

• For example, the reservation of constituencies for SC/ST/ minorities in India. In this way ,power sharing tries to reduce the possibility of conflict.

Moral Reasons:

• They stress on power sharing as a valuable act. 

• Power sharing  is the very spirit of democracy. 

• Democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. 

• The democratic government is the one where the  citizens acquire a role in the system through participation. 

• For example,decentralization of powers in India through formation of local ,state and Central Government operating a different levels.

•

Q9.Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different systems of power sharing. ” Support the statement by giving three points of difference.

Ans: (i) Type of Government: Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical purpose, a unitary system where the national government has all the powers. Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system under which the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the central ‘government. Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.

(ii) Religion and Government : To accommodate people belonging to different ethnic groups, Belgium formed a ‘community government’ whereas Sri Lankan government passed a law to protect and promote Buddhism.

(iii) Language and government : In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an Act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language whereas Belgium government “tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

Q10. What is a Civil War? Explain with context to Sri Lanka.

Ans: (i) It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the Sinhalese and the Tamils.

(ii) Due to the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups, thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.

(iii) The civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

8th CIVICS CH 3 Parliament and the Making of Laws

Ch 3 Parliament and the making of laws  

Exercises

1. Why do you think our national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?

Answe-The national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because of the following reasons:

● Every responsible citizen should participate in the government.

● Law-making and decision-making should also be shared by the adults of the country.

 

Extra Questions:

Q1.What is an EVM?

Answer:An EVM is an Electronic Voting Machine used for elections in India. 

Q2:What is a constituency?

Answer:The country is divided into many areas for election purposes. Each area is called a constituency. A representative is elected from each constituency to serve in the legislative body.

Q3.Mention the 2 houses of the Indian Parliament.

Answer:The 2 Houses of the Indian Parliament are :

1)The Rajya Sabha

2)The Lok Sabha

Q4.What are the three major duties of the Parliament?

Answer:The three major duties of the Parliament are…

1)To Select the National Government

2)To Control, Guide and Inform the Government

3)Law-Making

Q5.How is a National government selected?

Answer:After the Lok Sabha elections, a list is prepared showing how many MPs belonging to each political party have won the elections. The Political party which has the majority of MPs will form the National government.

A majority Party should have at least 272 MPs, that is, more than half of the total number of MPs in the Lok Sabha.

Q6.What is ‘Question hour’ in Parliament?

Answe :The first hour of every sitting during a Parliament Session is called the Question Hour. During ‘Question hour’ Questions are posed by members to specific government ministries. The concerned Ministries have to answer these Questions on a fixed date.

Class 8 History Ch.6 Colonialism and the City

 

Class 8 History Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City

 

Q1.State weather true or false

(a) In the Western world, modern cities grew with industrialisation. True

(b) Surat and Machlipatnam developed in the nineteenth century. False

(c) In the twentieth century, the majority of Indians lived in cities. False

(d) After 1857 no worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years. True

(e)More money was spent on cleaning Old Delhi than New Delhi. False

 

Q2. Fil in the blanks

(a)The first structure to successfully use the dome was called the Jama Masjid.

(b) The two architects who designed New Delhi and Shahjahanabad were Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker. (Please note that Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker designed New Delhi and its buildings.

(c) The British saw overcrowded spaces as unhygienic and unhealthy.

(d) In 1888 an extension scheme called the Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme was devised.

Q3.Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanabad.
Answer:
Three differences were:

1.      Shahjahanabad was crowded with mohallas, and several dozen bazaars. But New Delhi was not crowded nor were there mazes of narrow by-lanes.

2.      Shahjahanabad was not established in a planned manner while New Delhi was beautifully planned.

3.      There was chaos everywhere in Shahjahanabad. But New Delhi represented a sense of law and order. 

Q 4.Who lived in the ‘white’ areas in cities such as Madras?
Answer:The British lived in the ‘white’ areas in cities such as Madras.

 

Q5.What is meant by de-urbanisation?

Anse-De-urbanisation is a process by which more and more people began to live in villages or rural areas.
In the late 18th century, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras emerged as Presidency cities. They became the centres of British power in different regions of India. At the same time, several smaller cities declined. Old trading centres and ports could not survive when the flow of trade shifted to new centres. Similarly, earlier centres of regional power collapsed with the defeat of local rurals by the British and new centres of administration grew. This process is described as de-urbanisation

Q6.Why did the British choose to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not a capital?
Answer: The British were aware of the symbolic importance of the city of Delhi. It had been the seat of the Mughal Empire since last four hundred years. The Mughal emperor though had lost all his powers and autonomy, he was still important to the people.  Therefore, the British choose to hold a grand durbar in Delhi with much pump and show to display the power and authority of the British empire.

Q 7.How did the Old City of Delhi change under British rule?
Answer: They wanted Delhi to forget its Mughal past. Hence, the area around the Fort was completely cleared They either destroyed, the mosques or put them to other uses. For example, the Zinat-al-Masjid was converted into a bakery. No worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years.
One-third of the city was demolished and its canals were filled up.
 walls of Shahjahanabad were broken to establish the railway . They developed Civil Lines areas.

Q8.How did the partition affect life in Delhi?

Ans :During partition of British India , millions of people were displaced from their homes. Partition changed the social and economic structure of the city.

 1) As a result, the population of Delhi increased all of a sudden.

2)The job of the people changed and the culture of the city became different.

3)Most of these migrants were from Punjab. They stayed in camps, schools, etc. While some got the opportunity to occupy residences that had been vacated by the Muslims. Yet others were housed in refugee colonies.

4) New colonies like Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar grew at this time.

5) Shops and stalls were set up to cater the needs of the migrants, schools and colleges were opened.

6.Partition changed their lives and occupations. They had to take up new jobs like hawkers, vendors, carpenters, and ironsmiths.

 

Extra question

Q1.In which year did Delhi became the capital of British India?

1.      1931

2.      1947

3.      1941

4.      1911

Ans- 4.

Q2. What term from the list given bolow can be given to the rebirth of art and living. It is often described as a period of high creativity.

1.      Renaissance

2.      De-urbanisation

3.      Globalisation

4.      Urbanisation

Ans.1

Q3.Match the following:

(i) Kingsway	(a) 1947
(ii) Edward Lutyens	(b) Rajpath
(iii) The Partition	(c) Delhi
(iv) Nizamuddin Auliya	(d) Architect

Ans : i -(a) ,  ii -(d) , iii -(a) , iv -c

Q4.How was colonial India divided for administrative purposes?

Ans : Colonial India was divided into 3 “Presidencies” for administrative purposes. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were the 3 Presidencies which rose in importance under East India Company.

Q5.How was colonial India divided for administrative purposes?

Ans ;Colonial India was divided into 3 “Presidencies” for administrative purposes. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were the 3 Presidencies which rose in importance under East India Company.

Q6.What were called havelis?

Ans. The Mughal aristocracy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries lived in grand mansions called havelis.

Q7. Mention the cities that were deurbanized during the nineteenth century

Ans : Machlipatnam, Surat and Seringapatam 

Q:What is Khanqah?

Ans. Khanqah – A sufi lodge, often used as a rest house for travellers and a place where people come to discuss spiritual matters, get the blessings of saints, and hear sufi music.

Q8. Why was a Durbar held in Delhi in 1911?

Ans. In 1911, when King George V was crowned in England, a Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion. The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this Durbar.

Q9. Who lived in the “white” areas in cities such as Madras?

Ans. In colonial cities such as Madras, Bombay or Calcutta, the living spaces of Indians and the British were sharply separated. Indians lived in the “black” areas, while the British lived in well-laid out “white” areas.

Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After

 

                                Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel

                                1857 and After

 

 

     Textbook questions                                

Q1. What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?

Answer:Rani Lakshmibai wanted her adopted son to be the ruler of Jhansi after the death of her husband. But the British refused her plea.

 

Q2. What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?

Answer:In 1850, the British passed a new law to make conversion to Christianity easier. This law allowed an Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestors

 

Q3. What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

Answer:The new cartridges that the sepoys were asked to use were reported to be greased with the fat of cows and pigs. They had to bite the cartridges to load them into the rifles. The Hindu and the Muslim soldiers felt that it was a made by the British to defame their religion. Thats why they denied using the new cartridges.

Q 4.How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?
Answer: The last Mughal emperor lived a very pathetic life during the last years of his life. After the failure of the revolt, he was tried in the court and was sentenced to life imprisonment. His sons and grandson were shot dead by the British. He and his wife were sent to prison in Rangoon where he died in 1862.

Q5.What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857?
Answer:The reasons are given below:

1)Most of the Indian kings and the nawabs were under the British rule. The presence of British Residents in the courts eroded their authority and reduced their freedom to administer their kingdoms.

2) Various kingdoms were forced to disband their armies and enter into the Subsidiary Alliance system with the British.They impose doctrine of lapse. This type of control helped British annex territories one after another.

3)Indian ruler fought among themselves and could not present a united front against the foreign rule.

Q6. What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar’s support to the rebellion have on the people and the ruling families?

Answer: Bahadur Shah’s support to the rebellion changed the scene:

1)Large part of country was ruled by chiefs under Mughal rule and threatened by British. They thought if Mughal could be powerful again, they too could rule again, under Mughal authority.

 2)Emperor’s blessing to the rebels gave an alternative and filled people with courage and enthusiasm to fight.

Q 7. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh?

Answer: British succeeded in securing the submissions of the rebel landowners of Awadh:

(1)They provided inheritance rights to the landowners (who would enjoy traditional rights over their land).

(2) They were exempted from taxes.

(3)They were rewarded.

(4)They would be safe and their rights and claims would not be denied to them.

Q8. In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion of 1857?

Answer: Some important changes brought by the British after the revolt were:

1. According to Act of 1858 powers of East India Company were transferred to British Crown in India.

2.Secretary of State was appointed for governance and Governor General was given the title of Viceroy.

3. Secretary of State was to be assisted by a council of 15 members. It was only a advisory body. Governor General was answerable to the Secretary of State.

4. Muslims were seen held responsible for rebellion and their land was conscated.

5. Social and religious practices were given respect.

6.Zamindars and landlords were given protection and rights over their lands.

 

Extra questions

1.Match the items given in Column A correctly with those given in Column B.

Column A	Column B
i)Birjis Qadar	(a)Bihar
ii)Rani Lakshmibai	(b)Faizabad
iii)kunwar singh	(c) Jhansi
iv) Bakht Khan	(d)Lucknow
v) Ahmadullah Shah	e)Bareilly
vi)Bahadur Shah Zafar	f)Delhi
vii)Nana Saheb	g)Kanpur

Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (e), (v) (b) ,(vi) (f),(vii) (g)

2.Who was Tantia Tope?
Answer:He was the General of Nana Saheb.

3.When did the British recapture Delhi?
Answer:
The British recaptured Delhi in September 1857.

4.Who was Bakht Khan?
Answer:Bakht Khan was a soldier from Bareilly. He took charge of a large force of fighters who came to Delhi.

5. The rebels rushed to Delhi from Meerut and proclaimed ……………. as their leader.

Ans : Bahadur Shah II

6.………... fought a guerrilla war against the British with the support of several tribal and peasant leaders.

Ans: Tantia Tope

7. The Revolt of 1857 began from:
(a) Lucknow
(b) Kanpur
(c) Awadh
(d) Meerut

Ans (d)

8. Who was the governor-general during the Revolt of 1857?

A. Lord Canning

B. Lord Irwin

C. Lord Lytton

D. Lord Willington

Ans A

 

9.Explain the following :

Mutiny:When soldiers as a group disobey their officer in the army

Firangis: Foreigners, the term reflects an attitude of contempt.

Map Skills
On an outline political map of India, mark the important centres of Revolt in North India.
Answer