Class 10 Agriculture

 Textbook Questions 

Q1. Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Ans: Tea is an important beverage crop. Geographical conditions: 

• Tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil so rich in humus and organic matter.
• Temperature: 20°C -30°C.
• Annual rainfall: 150-300 cm.
• Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year.

Q2. Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Ans:

• Rice is a staple crop of India.
• Regions, where it is produced, are plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and deltaic regions, i.e., West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
  

Q3. Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
Ans: Institutional reforms: 

1. Minimum Support Price (MSP)
2. Subsidies on fertilisers
3. Crop insurance against draught, flood, etc.
4. Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks to provide loans at lower rates of interest. 
5. Kissan credit cards
   
   

Answer the following questions in about 120 words

Q1. Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
Ans:

• To ensure an increase in agricultural production, the government prioritised collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of the zamindari system. 
• 'Land reform' was the main focus of the First Five Year Plans. In the 1960s and 1970s, agricultural reforms were the order of the day. 
• The Green Revolution and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were aimed at improving Indian agricultural productivity.
• During the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated. 
• Under this, various technical and institutional reforms were introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers.
  Example: Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources, Grameen banks, Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, and special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes like 'Krishi Darshan' on national television.

Q2. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Ans:

• Rice is a Kharif crop grown in the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October.
• It is grown in plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and deltaic regions. 
• In India, important rice growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• It requires high temperatures (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. 
• In areas with less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation via canals and tube-wells. This has made production of rice possible in areas such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.

Class 10 ch 3 Gender religion and caste

 Textbook questions 

Q.Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.

Q1. Ans: Women in India face discrimination and disadvantage in the following ways:

a. They are not given a proper education. As a result, the literacy rate among women is only 54%.

b. The majority of their work is unpaid. Where they are compensated for their labour, they are paid less than men.

c. Female foeticide is prevalent in several parts of the country due to a preference for the boy child.

d)Many women face sexual harassment and domestic violence, which makes it hard for them to follow their dreams. This happens because people often see women as physically weaker, there is not enough support from the police, and society is largely male-dominated.

Q2. State different forms of communal politics with one example each.

Ans: Different forms of communal politics:

1The expression of communal superiority in everyday beliefs.This involves religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and a belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.

Example: Militant religious groups.

2.The desire to form a majoritarian dominance or a separate state.A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s religion over another in a community. It takes a form of majoritarian dominance.

Example: Separatist leaders and political parties in Jammu and Kashmir and Central India.

3.The use of religious symbols and leaders in politics to appeal to the voters.Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. Political parties, generally, nominate their candidates according to the caste or religion dominant in a particular constituency

Example: Hate speeches against particular minorities during elections.

4.Communal violence is another form of communalism in politics. For example, the anti-Sikh riots in 1984.The riots in Gujarat in 2002.

Q3. State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
Ans: Caste inequalities are still continuing in India in the following ways:

1. Most people still marry within their own caste or tribe, and inter-caste marriages are often discouraged, especially by upper castes.
2. Despite being banned by the Constitution, untouchability persists, particularly in rural areas.
3. Groups with historical access to education continue to excel, while those previously excluded still lag behind.
4. Caste contributes to economic inequality, as it affects access to resources. Upper castes are best off, Dalits and Adivasis are worst off, with the backwards classes in between.
5. Although every caste has some poor members, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty is much higher for the lowest castes. Lower caste people, like rural landless labourers, are generally poor and are exploited even today. 

Q4. State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Ans: Caste alone cannot determine election results in India because:

1. No parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of a single caste. Hence, every candidate and party needs to win the support of more than one caste/community to win elections.
2. No party wins all the votes of a particular caste. When it is said that caste is a 'vote bank' of one party, it means that a large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.

Q5. What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
Ans: The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is very less as mentioned below:

1. In Lok Sabha, the percentage of elected women members is less than 15 per cent of its total strength.
2. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 per cent. India is among the bottom group of nations in the world in this respect.
3. The proportion of women in legislative bodies has been very low. Because of the demand of Women’s organisations and activists ,In 2023, Nari shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Womens’ Reservation Act, 2023) has been passed which will give 33 percent reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies and also Delhi Assembly.

Q6. Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Ans: Two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are:

1. The Constitution provides all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
2. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.

Q7. When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
(a) Biological difference between men and women
(b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
(c) Unequal child sex ratio
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Ans: (b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women

Gender division usually refers to the societal assignment of unequal roles, responsibilities, and expectations to men and women, which often leads to inequality and discrimination

 Q7. When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:

(a) Biological difference between men and women
(b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
(c) Unequal child sex ratio
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Ans: (b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women

Gender division usually refers to the societal assignment of unequal roles, responsibilities, and expectations to men and women, which often leads to inequality and discrimination

Q8. In India, seats are reserved for women in
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) State Legislative Assemblies
(c) Cabinets
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
Ans: (d) Panchayati Raj bodies

In India, seats are reserved for women in Panchayati Raj bodies, which are the rural local government institutions. This reservation aims to promote women's participation in local governance.

 Q9. Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:

Α. One religion is superior to that of others.
Β. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(c) A and C
(d) B and D
Ans: (c) A and C

Communal politics is based on the belief that one religion is superior to others and followers of a particular religion form one community. Statements Β and D represent principles of secularism and equal citizenship, which are contrary to communal politics.

Q10. Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It
(a) prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion
(b) gives official status to one religion
(c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion
(d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities
Ans: (b) gives official status to one religion

India’s Constitution does not give official status to any religion; it promotes secularism and prohibits discrimination based on religion. 

Q11. Social divisions based on ______________ are peculiar to India.
Ans: Social divisions based on caste are peculiar to India.

 Caste

Q12. Match List I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

Ans b 1b ,2A, 3D,4C 

 

Class 9 Drainage

DRAINAGE 

 Q1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) In which of the following states is the Wular lake located?

(a) Rajasthan

(b) Uttar Pradesh

(c) Punjab

(d) Jammu and Kashmir

Ans: (d) Jammu and Kashmir state.

ii) The river Narmada has its source at

(a) Satpura

(b) Brahmagiri

(c) Amarkantak

(d) Slopes of the Western Ghats

Ans: (c) Amarkantak

(iii) Which one of the following lakes is a salt water lake?

(a) Sambhar

(b) Dal

(c) Wular

(d) Gobind Sagar

Ans: (a) Sambhar

(v) Which one amongst the following rivers flows through a rift

valley?

(a) Mahanadi

(b) Tungabhadra

(c) Krishna

(d) Tapi

Ans: (d) Tapi

Q2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What is meant by a water divide? Give an example.

Ans: A water divide is an elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland,

that separates two drainage basins. For example western Ghat, Vidhyachal moutain range .

(ii) Which is the largest river basin in India?

Ans: The Ganga River basin is the largest one in India. The length of this

basin is over 2,500 km.

(iii) Where do the rivers Indus and Ganga have their origin?

Ans: The Indus originates in Tibet, near Mansarovar Lake. The Ganga

River originates at the Gangotri Glacier on the southern slopes of the

Himalayas.

(iv) Name the two headstreams of the Ganga. Where do they meet to

form the Ganga?

Ans: The two headstreams of the Ganga are the Bhagirathi and the

Alaknanda. They meet to form the Ganga at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand.

(v) Why does the Brahmaputra in its Tibetan part have less silt,

despite a longer course?

Ans: The Brahmaputra in its Tibetan part, carries a smaller volume of water

and less silt as it is a cold and dry area.

(vi) Which two Peninsular rivers flow through trough?

Ans: The Narmada and the Tapi are the two peninsular rivers that flow

through the trough.

(vii) State some economic benefits of rivers and lakes.

Ans: Economic benefits of rivers:

i● Rivers provide water, which is a basic natural resource for various

human activities.

ii● They are used for irrigation, navigation, and generation of

hydroelectric power.

iii● They have a moderating influence on the climate of the

surroundings and maintain the aquatic ecosystem.

Economic benefits of lakes:

i● They help to regulate the flow of a river.

ii● They prevent flooding at times of heavy rainfall and during the dry

season, they help to maintain an even flow of water.

iii● They also have a moderating influence on the surrounding climatic

conditions and maintain the aquatic ecosystem.

iv● They enhance natural beauty and recreational activities by

encouraging tourism.

v● Lakes are also used for the generation of hydroelectricity.

Q3. Below are given names of a few lakes of India. Group them under

two categories − natural and created by human beings.

(a) Wular

(b) Dal

(c) Nainital

(d) Bhimtal

(e) Gobind Sagar

(f) Loktak

(g) Barapani

(h) Chilika

(i) Sambhar

(j) Rana Pratap Sagar

(k) Nizam Sagar

(l) Pulicat

(m) Nagarjuna Sagar

(n) Hirakund

B

(a) Wular

(b) Dal

(c) Nainital

(d) Bhimtal

(f) Loktak

(g) Barapani

(h) Chilika

(i) Sambhar

(l) Pulicat

Lakes created by human beings

(e) Gobind Sagar

(j) Rana Pratap Sagar

(k) Nizam Sagar

(m) Nagarjuna Sagar

(n) Hirakund

Q4. Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the

Peninsular rivers.

Ans:

The Himalayan Rivers 

(i) They are perennial rivers. They get water from both the melted snow and heavy rainfall.

ii) They perform an immense erosional activity in the upper course.

(iii) They have long courses from their source to the mouth.

iv) They carry a large amount of silt and sand, which is renewed every year by annual floods. Therefore they are good for agriculture.

(v) The Ganga, the Indus, the Brahmaputra are major Himalayan rivers 

Peninsular Rivers 

(i) They are seasonal in nature. They depend on rainfall only.

(ii) They do not perform any erosional activity in the upper course.

(iii) They have shorter and shallower courses.

(iv) These rivers do not carry much silt, there are no major plains. Fertile lands are only found in the small delta areas.

(v) The Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri, the Narmada and the Tapi are major Peninsular rivers.

Q5. Compare the east-flowing and the west-flowing rivers of the

Peninsular Plateau.

Ans:

The East Flowing Rivers 

(i) The Mahanadi, the Godavari, the

Krishna and the Kaveri are the east-flowing rivers of Peninsular India.

ii) These rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal.

iii) These rivers form deltas on the east coast.

iv) These rivers have a developed and large tributary system.

The West Flowing Rivers

(i) The Narmada and the Tapi are the major west-flowing rivers of Peninsular India.

(ii) These rivers drain into the Arabian Sea.

(iii) These rivers form estuaries on the west coast.

(iv) These rivers are devoid of any developed tributary system

Q6. Why are rivers important for the country’s economy?

Ans: The rivers are important for the country’s economy due to the following reasons:

a)It is an important source of natural freshwater, which is required for

the survival of most animals, including humans.

b)River water is used for various purposes like domestic, industrial,

and agricultural purposes.

c)The presence of rivers boosts trade and commerce by helping in

the easy transport of goods. They are also a potential source of energy.

d)River water is also used to run hydroelectric dams.

e)It is also used for navigation and transport, thus important for commercial activities.

f)It also provides fishing and great scenic and recreational value.

Thus, serve as good tourist spots.

3.CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN CLASS 9

 Extra Questions

1.What is a ‘Constitution’?

Answer: The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government.

2.What is the unusual achievement of our Constitution?

Answer: No large social group or political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the Constitution itself. 

3.Why is Constitution considered the Supreme law?

Answer: The Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and the government. 

4.What is meant by apartheid? How was it oppressive for the blacks?
Answer:
Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. The white Europeans imposed this system on South Africa. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them according to their skin colour.

1The system of public toilets, were all separate for the whites and blacks. This, was called segregation. 

2They could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped.

3 Blacks could not form associations or protest the terrible treatment.

5When was the Constitution work completed and when did it come into effect?

Answer: The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26th November 1949 but it came into effect on January 26, 1950. To mark this day we celebrate 26th January as Republic Day every year. 

6What is Preamble?

Answer: The Preamble is like preface of a book, it is the soul of the Indian Constitution. It gives in brief all the laws and action of the government. 

7What was ‘Constituent Assembly’?

Answer: The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly. 

8In which manner Constituent Assembly worked?

Answer: The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. 

9What are ‘Constitutional Amendments’?

Answer: Provisions are made to incorporate changes from time to time in our constitution. These changes are called ‘Constitutional Amendments’.

10What are ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’?

Answer: Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly has been recorded and preserved. These are called Constituent Assembly Debates. 

11What is the significance of the phrase ‘We the people of India’ in the Preamble?
Answer:
The preamble is an introductory part of the Constitution. It is called the key of the Constitution. “We the people of India” means the Constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.

12What are the four main ideals enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The ideals written in the Preamble of the Constitution are as under :

• Justice: Every citizen of India will have social, economic and political justice.
• Liberty: Every citizen will have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
• Equality: Every citizen will be provided with the equality of status and opportunity.
• fraternity: All the citizens of India have been assured about the dignity of individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

13Which basic values were incorporated in our constitution from these pre- independence decisions?

Answer: (i) Universal Adult Franchise.
(ii) Right to freedom and equality.
(iii) protecting the rights of minorities. 

14How did the Constituent Assembly work to prepare the Constitution for India?
Answer:
1The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First, some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. 

2. Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. 

3.Several rounds of thorough discussion took place, clause by clause. More than 2000 amendments were considered. 

4.The members deliberated for 114 days spread over 3 years. Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly was recorded and preserved. These are called ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’.

15What compromises did the blacks and white make?
Answer:
It was not an easy task for the two divergent people of South Africa—the White oppressors and the Black Oppressed one—to draw up a common Constitution for the country when it became free in 1994. After long negotiations both parties agreed to a compromises.

• The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule that of one person one vote.
• They also agreed to some basic rights for the poor and the workers.
• The blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute.
• They also agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority. (Any three)

16Why is South Africa called a ‘rainbow nation’ today?
Ans .
There is no social or any discrimination based on skin colour in free south Africa, today. Blacks, whites and coloured people, men and women, live as free citizens, in total harmony. This is why they call South Africa a ‘rainbow nation’.

17What was the philosophy behind the Constitution?
Answer:

• The values that inspired and guided the freedom struggle and were, in turn, nurtured by it, formed the foundation for India’s democracy. These values are embedded in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
• They guide all the articles of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values. This is called the Preamble to the constitution.
• Taking inspiration from American model, most countries in the contemporary world have chosen to begin their constitutions with a preamble.

18What documents were taken by the Constituent Assembly to form the Indian Constitution?

Answer: The documents taken to form the Indian Constitution were: (i) The Indian Constitution was drafted by Motilal Nehru and eight other leaders in 1928. (ii) The resolution at the Karachi Session of the INC on how independent India’s Constitution should look like, in 1931. (iii) Both these documents were committed to the inclusion of universal adult franchise right to freedom and quality and protecting the right of minorities in the constitution of independent India.

19IndianIn which two ways can the philosophy of the Indian Constitution be understood?

Answer: The two ways in which the philosophy of the Indian Constitution can be understood are:

 (i) It can be understood by reading the views of some of the major leaders on the Indian Constitution.

 (ii) We can understand by reading what the Constitution says about its own philosophy.

 20.What were Nelson Mandela’s views on the South African constitution?

Answer: He felt that the Constitution of South Africa speaks of both past and its future. On one hand, it is a solemn pact in which they, as South Africans, declare to one another that they shall never permit a repetition of their racist, brutal and repressive past. it is also a charter for the transformation of their country into one which is truly shared by all its people’s country which in the fullest sense belongs to all of them, black and white, women and men. 

21 leaders were inspired by which countries to frame the Indian Constitution?

Answer: The countries which inspired the Indian Constitution were: 

(i) France: Many Indian leaders were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution and their resolution on liberty, equality and fraternity.

 (ii) Britain: Indian leaders were inspired by the practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain. 

(iii) US: Their Bill of Rights was a great inspiration.

 (iv) Russia: The socialist revolution and the socialist economy of Russia also inspired the leaders of India. 

22How was the Constituent Assembly formed?

Answer: The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.

 (i) Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.

 (ii) Its first meeting was held in December 1946.

 (iii) The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the partition.

  (iv) The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members. It adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January 1950.

23What are the exclusive features of the Indian constitution? 

Answer: (i) Indian constitution is a very long and detailed constitution. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated.
(ii) Those who crafted the constitution felt that it has to be in accordance with people’s aspirations and changes in society. They did not see it as a sacred, static and an unalterable law.
(iii) They made provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called amendments.
(iv) The constitution describes the institutional arrangements in a very legal language.
(v) It put limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizens that cannot be violated.

24What are the various functions of a Constitution?
Answer:
A Constitution performs several functions such as :

• It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
• It specifies how the government will be constituted, and who will have power of taking which decisions.
• It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society. (Any three)

25How does the Indian Constitution describes the institutional arrangements?
Answer:
The Constitution describes the institutional arrangements in a very legal language.

• The Indian Constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country.
• It defines who will have how much power to take which decisions.
• It puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizen that cannot be violated.

Explain the different key words used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Several key words have been used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution :

(i) WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA: The constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.

(ii) SOVEREIGN: People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.

(iii) SOCIALIST: Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce social economic inequalities.

(iv) SECULAR: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.

(v) DEMOCRATIC: A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable. The government is run according to some basic rules.

(vi) REPUBLIC: The head of the stats is an elected person and not a hereditary . position.

(vii) JUSTICE: Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities must be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all, especially of the disadvantaged groups.

(viii) LIBERTY: There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action.

(ix) EQUALITY: All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities must be ended. The government should ensure equal opportunity for all.

(x) FRATERNITY: All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior.

26 “The manner in which the Constituent Assembly worked gives sanctity to the constitution of India. “Justify the statement with three arguments.

Answer:  The manner in which the Constituent Assembly worked gives sanctity to the Constitution. This statement can be justified by following points
(i) It worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner.
(ii) First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon and a draft of Constitution was prepared.
(iii) Several rounds of thorough discussion took place, clause by clause.
(iv) More than two thousands amendments were considered.
(v) Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly was recorded and preserved. These ‘Constituent Assembly Debates, were printed in 12 volumes. 

. 27“Like the Constitution of South Africa, Indian Constitution was also drawn up under very difficult circumstances.” Elaborate this statement with the help of any four circumstances.

Answer: The four circumstances that elaborate the statement
(i) At that time, the people of India were emerging from the status of a subject to that of citizens. The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences. It was an    extremely traumatic experience for the people.
(ii) The British rulers had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether to merge with India or with Pakistan or remain independent.
(iii) The future of the nation did not look very secure at that time. The makers of the Constitution had anxieties about the present and the future of the country.
(iv) There were sharp differences of opinion about the path, the country should take after attaining freedom.